ABSTRACT
Photographic findings of wounds covered with chitin/chitosan, alginate, fucoidan hydrogel sheet or Kaltostat, and controls. Each wound on the indicated day is representative of eight wounds (four rats) covered. with ACF-HS or Kaltostat, or not covered (control). Figure adopted with permission (K. Murakami et al., 2010). https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-u.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429054242/c27192d8-ec53-445e-8727-c4d0181904b9/content/figC2_6_PC.tif"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-u.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429054242/c27192d8-ec53-445e-8727-c4d0181904b9/content/figC2_6_OC.tif"/> A Circular pond, B Raceway pond, C Sloped open bioreactor, D Vertical tubular reactor, E Horizontal tubular reactor, F Flat panel laboratory reactor (Chisti 2007; Olivieri et al. 2014; Parmar et al. 2011; Posten 2009; Sforza et al. 2014). https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-u.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429054242/c27192d8-ec53-445e-8727-c4d0181904b9/content/figC3_1_PC.tif"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-u.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429054242/c27192d8-ec53-445e-8727-c4d0181904b9/content/figC3_1_OC.tif"/> Flowchart of the main processes for the extraction and purification of alginates. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-u.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429054242/c27192d8-ec53-445e-8727-c4d0181904b9/content/figC4_2_PC.tif"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-u.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429054242/c27192d8-ec53-445e-8727-c4d0181904b9/content/figC4_2_OC.tif"/> (A). Spirulina (<uri xlink:href="<a href="https://sagdb.uni-goettingen.de/detailedList.php?str_number=85.79" target="_blank">https://sagdb.uni-goettingen.de/detailedList.php?str_number=85.79</a>"><a href="https://sagdb.uni-goettingen.de/detailedList.php?str_number=85.79" target="_blank">https://sagdb.uni-goettingen.de/detailedList.php?str_number=85.79</a></uri>), (B). Chlorella https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-u.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429054242/c27192d8-ec53-445e-8727-c4d0181904b9/content/figC5_1_PC.jpg"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-u.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429054242/c27192d8-ec53-445e-8727-c4d0181904b9/content/figC5_1_OC.jpg"/> Production of biomass from <italic>Spirulina</italic> by various companies (Sources: <uri xlink:href="<a href="https://www.algaeindustrymagazine.com" target="_blank">https://www.algaeindustrymagazine.com</a>)"><a href="https://www.algaeindustrymagazine.com" target="_blank">https://www.algaeindustrymagazine.com</a>)</uri>. Earthrise-California (A), Cyanotech-Hawaii(B), Boonsom, Thailand (C), Parry-India(D), Hainan-China(E), and Yaeyama-Japan (F) . https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-u.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429054242/c27192d8-ec53-445e-8727-c4d0181904b9/content/figC5_2_PC.jpg"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-u.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429054242/c27192d8-ec53-445e-8727-c4d0181904b9/content/figC5_2_OC.jpg"/> Cultivation of <italic>Chlorella</italic> in various production systems for biomass production; (A). SAB, Singapore, (B). Nutriphys, Belgium; (C). Chlorella-echlorial (<uri xlink:href="<a href="https://chlorella-echlorial.com" target="_blank">https://chlorella-echlorial.com</a>),"><a href="https://chlorella-echlorial.com" target="_blank">https://chlorella-echlorial.com</a>),</uri> (D). Sun Chlorella, USA and (E). Allmicroalgae-natural products, Lisboa, Portugal. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-u.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429054242/c27192d8-ec53-445e-8727-c4d0181904b9/content/figC5_3_PC.jpg"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-u.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429054242/c27192d8-ec53-445e-8727-c4d0181904b9/content/figC5_3_OC.jpg"/> Commercial production of astaxanthin; A. Green motile vegetative phase B. Carotenoid-rich encysted phase, C. <italic>Haematococcus</italic> culture in the experimental stage, D. <italic>Haematococcus</italic> in raceway ponds, E. Astaxanthin accumulated in raceway ponds, F. <italic>Haematococcus</italic> before harvesting stage, G. <italic>Haematococcus</italic> culture a pond ready for harvest, F. Astaxanthin powder, I. Astaxanthin products in the market. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-u.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429054242/c27192d8-ec53-445e-8727-c4d0181904b9/content/figC13_3_PC.jpg"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-u.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429054242/c27192d8-ec53-445e-8727-c4d0181904b9/content/figC13_3_OC.jpg"/> Effects of SV1 and PSV1 on capillary tube formation of rabbit aortic endothelial cells (RAEC). RAECs (1 × 10<sup>5</sup> per well) in medium containing 10% serumwere seeded into Matrigel pre-coated 24-well plates and treated with different concentrations of SV1 and PSV1 (A—Control; B—Heparin (10 μg/mL); C—SV1 25; D —SV1 50; E—SV1 100; F—PSV1 25; G—PSV1 50; H — PSV1 100). Representative phase contrast photomicrographs (100× magnification). (Adapted from Dore et al. <italic>Microvas Res.</italic> 2013. 88:12–18.) https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-u.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429054242/c27192d8-ec53-445e-8727-c4d0181904b9/content/figC20_2_PC.jpg"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-u.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429054242/c27192d8-ec53-445e-8727-c4d0181904b9/content/figC20_2_OC.jpg"/> CAM assay to determine the antiangiogenic potential of FRF. A: Chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM) of embryonated chicken eggs: blank A agarose; negative controls: B phenantroline 10 μg egg<sup>−1</sup> and C spironolactone 10 μg egg<sup>−1</sup>. D Heparin 10 μg egg<sup>−1</sup> (positive control). FRF polysaccharides 10 μg egg<sup>−1</sup>, E 100 μg egg<sup>−1</sup>, and F 1000 μg egg<sup>−1</sup> G. B: Antiangiogenic activity was obtained by score of quantitative vessels in the region of application of polysaccharides, with 0=none-antiagiogenic effect; 0.5–1=very low to medium antiagiogenic effect (no capillary-free area); 1=medium antiagiogenic effect (reduction in the capillary density: action equivalent to double that of disk area); and 2=hard antiangiogenic effect (more than double that of disk area). ***p<0.05. (Adapted from Castro et al. <italic>J Appl Phycol.</italic> 2015. 27:1315–1325.) https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-u.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429054242/c27192d8-ec53-445e-8727-c4d0181904b9/content/figC20_3_PC.tif"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-u.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429054242/c27192d8-ec53-445e-8727-c4d0181904b9/content/figC20_3_OC.tif"/> Value and cost relation of fundamental microalgal compounds. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-u.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429054242/c27192d8-ec53-445e-8727-c4d0181904b9/content/figC24_1_PC.tif"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-u.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429054242/c27192d8-ec53-445e-8727-c4d0181904b9/content/figC24_1_OC.tif"/> Market share of microalgal bioactive compounds A. fine chemicals B. % main sector share. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-u.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429054242/c27192d8-ec53-445e-8727-c4d0181904b9/content/figC24_2_PC.tif"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-u.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429054242/c27192d8-ec53-445e-8727-c4d0181904b9/content/figC24_2_OC.tif"/>
