ABSTRACT
The freezing–melting (FM) process is capable of removing water by freezing it out from solution as ice crystals. Ideally, the ice formed should be free of solutes. First, the solution is partially frozen, and then the ice crystals are physically separated from the residual solution (i.e. concentrated), and finally, the ice is melted to form the product water. Ice crystals formed under the appropriate conditions can be very pure.
