ABSTRACT
Currently used biomarkers for drug-induced kidney injury (DIKI) are generally detected at a stage when irreversible damage has already occurred. There is an unmet need for improved biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity to reduce the incidence of DIKI. To achieve this, biomarkers for kidney injury should be able to reliably translate between in vitro research, animal experiments and the clinic. In this section, we discuss specific and sensitive biomarkers that have the potential for early detection of drug-induced kidney injury, with a focus on advanced technologies that can improve translation to the clinic during drug development.
