ABSTRACT
The large utilization of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gases, which are triggering environmental problems such as acid rain, air pollution, and global warming, has influenced the world to focus on a number of renewable energy sources for the future. 1 , 2 Among the renewable energy sources, solar cells have gained significant attention as a solution to these issues. 3 Solar cells are electrical devices that turn the energy of light into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. 4 So far, crystalline silicon, gallium arsenide, cadmium telluride, and copper indium gallium selenide-based solar cells have shown energy conversion efficiency well over 20%. 5 , 6 However, problems associated with high production cost and the complicated preparation procedures involved in preparing these kinds of solar cells should be eliminated. 7 Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been considered a promising alternative to silicon and compound film solar cells because they are fabricated from cheap and benign materials and can be prepared in several attractive colors with transparency. 8 , 9 Figure 15.1 represents the small DSSC and flexible DSSCs that prepared in our laboratory.282 The laboratory DSSC (a) and (b) flexible DSSC. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-u.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429466281/7329bd62-cef1-4212-88e7-2acfe8a7fa32/content/fig15_1_C.jpg"/>
