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The objective in environmental epidemiology is to quantify the association between an environmental exposure and a health outcome measure, in a population under study, with the intention of generalizing to the population at large or to sub-groups of interest. The standard approach is to fit a regression model with health outcomes yi and corresponding exposures xi for subjects i = 1,…,n with additional health model covariates z i = (zi 1,…,zip ) ∈ ℝ p , including an intercept. For example with a continuous outcome we might fit the linear model, 25.1 y i = x i β + z i β z + ∈ i ,
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