Abstract

4.1 What Is Solar Wind/Magnetosphere Coupling?

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4.2 The Sun and the Origin of the Solar Wind

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 4.2.1 Different Types of Solar Wind

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 4.2.2 The 11-Year Solar Cycle

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 4.2.3 Properties of the Solar Wind

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 4.2.4 Solar Wind at Earth

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4.3 Coupling Preliminaries

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 4.3.1 IMF Clock Angle and the Russell–McPherron Effect

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 4.3.2 Geomagnetic Indices

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4.4 Standard Thinking about the Physics of the Coupling

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 4.4.1 Dayside Reconnection

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 4.4.2 What Controls Dayside Reconnection?

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 4.4.3 The Viscous Interaction

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 4.4.4 Mass Coupling of the Solar Wind to the Magnetosphere

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4.5 Reaction of the Magnetosphere–Ionosphere System to Solar Wind Driving

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4.6 Solar Wind Driving of Geomagnetic Storms

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4.7 When Solar Wind Driving Becomes Weak

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4.8 New Thinking about Solar Wind/Magnetosphere Coupling

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 4.8.1 “Turbulence Effect” in the Solar Wind/Magnetosphere Coupling

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 4.8.2 Mach-Number Effects on the Magnetosheath and the Magnetosphere

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 4.8.3 Feedback by the Magnetosphere on the Coupling

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 4.8.4 Solar Wind Transients

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4.9 What Is Known and What Is Not Known

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4.10 For Further Study

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A.1 Appendix: Geography of the Magnetosphere and the Ionosphere

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 A.1.1 Magnetic Morphology of the Magnetosphere

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 A.1.2 Regions External to the Magnetosphere

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 A.1.3 Plasmas and Particle Populations of the Magnetosphere

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 A.1.4 Regions of the Ionosphere

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 A.1.5 Neutral Gas

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References

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