ABSTRACT
A sensor is a converter that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or an instrument. Sensors are one of the most critical components of a smart civil structure since the smart performance depends on the quality of the data collected. There are a variety of physical quantities that must be measured in a smart civil structure, and accordingly, there are many types of sensors required to measure different physical quantities. The physical quantities that need to be measured for civil structures can be categorised as three major types:
Loading sources such as gravity force, wind, seismic and traffic loading
Structural responses such as strain, displacement, inclination and acceleration and
Environmental effects including temperature, humidity, rain and corrosion
