ABSTRACT
A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that directly converts the chemical energy of a fuel and oxidant into electric energy. Such a direct one-step conversion avoids the inefficient multistep processes involved in heat engines via combustion, thus eliminating the emission of chemical pollutants. Besides being efficient and clean, fuel cell is also compatible with renewable energy sources and carriers for sustainable development and energy security. Fuel cell offers additional advantages for both mobile and stationary applications, including quiet operation without vibration and noise, thus capable of on-site applications. Its inherent modularity allows for simple construction and operation with possible applications for dispersed, distributed, and portable power generation. Its fast response to the changing load condition while maintaining high efficiency makes it ideally suited to load following applications. Its potential high efficiency also represents less chemical, thermal, and carbon dioxide emissions for the same amount of energy conversion and power generation. Hence, fuel cell is often regarded as one of the advanced energy technologies of the future.
