Abstract

In many Oriental and Middle Eastern countries, such as India, Hong Kong, Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey, a frail animation industry contrasted with a prosperous live-action cinema. It became common practice for Western producers to commission labour-intensive tasks (such as animation, inbetweening and painting) to workers in the East. Because of the economic structure of the countries involved, this practice was profitable for both parties. In other countries, production was nationalized in a way analogous to Eastern Europe.