ABSTRACT
12During the last decades, a new capability has emerged by which the human brain can directly communicate with the environment, called a brain–computer interface (BCI), brain–machine interface (BMI), direct neural interface, or mind–machine interface (MMI). The BCI community has witnessed a substantial amount of work done on BCI technologies and many successful BCI applications. However, continuing effort is still needed to further optimize the capabilities, robustness, and usability of BCI systems for human use, including those who suffer from muscular disabilities such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, brainstem stroke, and severe cerebral palsy. This chapter reviews the state of the art of BCI as an emerging human–computer interaction technology. We first introduce a BCI classification scheme, along with different types of the signal recording methods and brain signal patterns for BCI operation. Next, the most commonly used signal processing techniques and feature extraction techniques are explained, in addition to classification methods used for identifying the user’s intentions. Finally, we present and discuss various types of BCI applications with an emphasis on the future of BCI research and development through inter- and multidisciplinary collaborations and ongoing communication among neuroscientists, engineers, psychologists, human factors professionals, clinicians, and rehabilitation specialists.
