ABSTRACT

The field of brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) began in the 1960s and has produced substantial excitement and engagement by scientists, funding agencies, and the public for more than 20 years. Despite these efforts, clinically and commercially successful examples of BCI technology are rare. This issue has been recognized for several years and has usually been attributed to specific technical difficulties (such as low information transfer rates) that need to be addressed. This perspective chapter draws attention to other issues of translational research that impede the widespread adoption of BCI technology.