Abstract

Fullerenes are ball-shaped carbon clusters. They contain a hollow space in their cage, which is suitable for endohedral doping of elements or molecules. Many scientists have been investigating the electronic and structural properties of endohedrally and substitutionally doped fullerenes and nanotubes since 1985, when the first proposal revealed (Heath et al. 1985) that fullerenes can confine an element in their interior hollow.