ABSTRACT

A lake or reservoir is a body of water located at a certain latitude, longitude, and altitude occupying depressions in a watershed or is a result of damming a river. Lakes and reservoirs are permanently interacting at the water–air interface by exchanging heat and gases (oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and so on) with the atmosphere. They are also subject to forcing functions such as solar radiation, advection (inflows and outflows), and wind stress. The net input to the lake or reservoir varies seasonally, and it is dependent on the meteorological conditions in the watershed. The balance between the fluxes, the wind stress at the surface, and the inflows and outflows change continuously. In general, these hourly or daily variations are superimposed on the seasonal changes.