ABSTRACT

The use of integrated circuit cards (smart cards) in payment applications started in France for telephone cards and withdrawal cards from automated tellers. A major expansion of their use followed the success of Groupe Spécial Mobile (GSM—Global System for Mobile Communication), the European specifications for digital cellular networks. Other payment applications followed in public transit systems and the development of the EuroPay, MasterCard, and Visa (EMV) specifications for financial transactions.