ABSTRACT
Among all the classes of mathematical models, stochastic (partial) (integro-) differential equations (SDEs) have the widest applicability in modern science. For example, SDEs describe all natural dynamical systems (DSs) above the scale of quantum degeneracy/coherence because (i) time is continuous in nature (above the Planck scale) and (ii) no natural DS can be completely isolated from the stochastic influence of its environment. In quantum models, on the other hand, SDEs are often used as additional tools.
