Abstract

National physical infrastructures are often operated by industrial control systems (ICSs)that heavily rely on information and communication technology (ICT). Specifically, industrial control systems of many sectors are built around the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) architecture, consisted of communication network connecting servers, clients and embedded computer devices for automation, and operators to monitor and control the physical equipment. For example, water treatment, petrochemical, agriculture, and critical manufacturing facilities all adopt SCADA technology [1–3]. SCADA systems contribute to efficient operations of many critical infrastructure sectors. For example, the smart grid has increased prediction accuracy in loading shedding (i.e., matching generation to demand), which reduces 10% costs for utilities and consumers [4].