ABSTRACT
The concept of human security was an outcome of several significant developments after the end of the Cold War. States and societies were faced with new risks as a result of the structural changes brought on by rapid globalization and their consequences. Poverty and marginalization increased. Ecosystems deteriorated, plagued by the impacts of climate change, pollution, and environmental degradation. The last three decades saw intrastate conflicts outpace interstate ones. At the same time, there was a rise in security threats with transboundary implications such as cybercrime, terrorism, pandemics, irregular migration, and resource scarcity. These challenges significantly transformed the global security environment, such that security can no longer be conceptualized merely in terms of the protection of the territorial borders of states. To navigate the changed landscape, security has to also be about protecting individuals and human collectivities from harm, fear, and want.
