Abstract

Typically, spoken discourse is spontaneous, fragmented and relatively unplanned, while written discourse is planned. Spoken discourse is characterized by frequent occurrences of ①fillers (nanka, anoo, eeto, ‘like’, ‘um’, ‘er’ etc.), ②sentence-/clause- final particles (ne, yo, sa, etc.), ③repetitions, ④repairs, ④omission of particles like wa (for topic) and o (for direct object), ⑤sentence fragments, ⑤postposing, etc.