ABSTRACT
Since the eighteenth century, when the Western world became human-centered, neither humankind nor the very concept of the human have ceased to evolve. In 1933, Le Corbusier and a few other members of the International Congress of Modern Architecture issued The Athens Charter, a document aimed at orchestrating the emerging technologies of the built environment into a proposal for the future of cities (Le Corbusier, Giraudoux, & de Villeneuve, 1943). A classification of human activities formed the vertebral spine of this proposal, structured around four urban functions: work, residence, leisure, and transport. This functional classification has structured urban planning policies ever since, but now its human-centered approach appears unable to address the problems of our age.
