ABSTRACT
High-speed economic development in a modern society requires enormous energy consumption, in which electricity plays an important role. By the year 2040, the world energy consumption is predicted to boost to about 23 TW, which is mainly from the nonrenewable resources such as coal, oil, and gas, producing carbon dioxide (CO2) contributing detrimentally to climate change through the greenhouse effect [1]. One of the most promising solutions is to utilize solar photovoltaics as a candidate for the resource, which comes from the sun. The annual solar energy on earth is 1.76 × 105 TW and the current world usage is estimated to be only 15 TW [2] which means the photovoltaic (PV) power holds the great potential to meet all the energy needs for the entire world.
