ABSTRACT
Pursuing energy efficiency as a national policy objective is a cross-cutting challenge for governments. The outcomes expressed in proxies such as energy intensity of the economy and/or energy productivity are linked to so many variables and interventions operating at different levels; from macroeconomic conditions, technology development and path dependency, energy supply and pricing regimes to influencing the behavior of millions of energy consumers (see for e.g., Howarth and Andersson 1993; Rosenberg 1994, p. 161; Biggart and Lutzenhister 2007; Gillingham et al. 2009). Therefore, a wide range of policies and measures have been used by governments to facilitate the transition toward improved energy efficiency.
