Facilitated self-governance of the commons

We observe that the common pool resource (CPR), or commons, ² literature in general seems to focus on a particular form of governance – i.e. pure self-governance – that in reality seldom exists. There is a tension between theorizing in the CPR literature, which often implicitly assumes communities make decisions about their resources in isolation from other actors, and the presence of outsiders, or external actors, who present themselves to communities with the aim of supporting their self-governance efforts. In this chapter we frame this tension as a shortcoming in the CPR literature, which leaves unanswered important questions regarding the presence of outsiders, such as “How can outsiders, and civil society organizations (CSOs) in particular, support local communities in developing forms of self-governance that lead to sustainable outcomes for both resource systems and local livelihoods?” or “Can self-governance be facilitated, and if so, how?”