ABSTRACT

Over its six decades of existence, the European Union (hereafter EU) has grown from six to twenty-eight members. The functional and territorial reach of the EU does not, however, end at its borders but extends deep into many of the states in Europe that are not EU members. In the broad category of ‘affiliated non-members’, we find at one extreme states that have incorporated EU rules and norms to such an extent as to raise questions as to whether they are inside or outside the EU, and at the other extreme are states that have developed narrow and/or far less committed affiliations with the EU.