ABSTRACT
Transport systems can have environmental and economic costs often resulting in adverse environmental, health impacts and lower quality of life. Transport is a significant and growing contributor to overall air pollution exposure. It is estimated to be responsible for up to 50% of emissions of certain air pollutants in European cities. Low- and middle-income countries suffer disproportionately from transport-generated pollution, particularly in Asia, Africa and the Middle East. An integrated framework of land use planning, transport and environment policies is required to benefit citizens and consumers by delivering improvements in air quality, reductions in noise levels, lower congestion levels and improved safety.
