ABSTRACT
What impact did political risk and nationalism have on global business? Have wars and other conflicts caused by national interests and identities retarded or even reversed the trend towards globalization? When faced with political and geopolitical threats such as war, occupation, expropriation, economic blockade and sanctions, requisition, persecution, or boycott, how did multinational enterprises (MNEs) and other international economic actors manage (or fail) to overcome the situation they found themselves in? Also, how did the response of economic entities like MNEs transform global business, or change political risks and the sovereign state system? Furthermore, what insight does the examination of such phenomena present to business history and international business research?
