Abstract

Europe is divided into several overlapping zones of cooperation on migration. These zones emerged after 1989 and developed alongside various intergovernmental processes and the increased activities of international organisations in various regions of Europe. European organisations (the European Union (EU), the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the Council of Europe (CoE)) are important players in these settings. These networks and institutions create a dense space of cooperation in which active policy learning and diffusion takes place. However, the nature hierarchy in which these actors engage is far from clear and the outcomes of these processes are not necessarily equal with convergence.