Inter-organizational relationships of European port management entities

Port management entities, or port authorities, are increasingly involved in collaborations with other ports, commercial entities, and institutions. As port authorities (PAs) “go international” via several strategies, they expand collaborations well beyond the notion of proximity. While they continue to be involved in various forms of collaboration with ports and other entities located in nearby regions, they also seek to establish and benefit by relationships with geographically non-proximate ports or stakeholders.