ABSTRACT

Volunteers monitor water quality in streams that may be affected by fracking in the Marcellus Shale (Wilderman 2007; Kinchy et al. 2014). Nature-lovers report the number and species of birds that visit birdfeeders in their back yards (Bonney et al. 2009b; Bonter and Cooper 2012). People go online to help scientists examine telescope images for gravitational lenses that computer algorithms might have missed (More et al. 2016). Residents convinced that oil refinery emissions are making them sick use community-friendly air samplers to document releases of toxic chemicals and demand better regulatory enforcement (O'Rourke and Macey 2003; Ottinger 2010).