ABSTRACT
The focus of this chapter is on reef-forming native and non-native bivalves (oysters primarily), where restoration efforts for non-extractive services have been directed since the 1990s (Luckenbach et al. 1999). Coastal estuarine habitats are recognized as some of the most productive and important aquatic ecosystems worldwide, providing foraging, nursery, and spawning habitats for ecologically and economically important organisms. Simultaneously they are also some of the most heavily degraded ecosystems on the planet (Lotze et al. 2006).
