ABSTRACT
Exotic species invasions have dramatically increased over the past century (Pyšek and Richardson 2010), and are considered one of the greatest threats to endangered and vulnerable species worldwide (Levine et al. 2003). Although conservationists and restoration ecologists typically prioritize invasive species management, several issues preclude success. In many settings, it is impractical if not impossible to restore systems to pre-disturbed states, especially with increasing rates of directional changes, such as climate change, development and eutroph-ication (Dukes 2011; Seastedt et al. 2008). There is also growing evidence that exotic species can serve important functional roles within ecosystems (Davis et al. 2011). Given these constraints, it is becoming more difficult to develop practical invasive species restoration goals.
