Energy transitions in carbon-producing countries

In the context of the study of energy transitions in carbon-producing countries, Russia presents a case that is both highly significant and highly interesting, due to its specificity. Russia’s significance as a carbon-producing country derives from its status as a world-leading energy producer: in 2014, Russia ranked second for oil and gas production, sixth for coal production, third for nuclear power production, fourth for hydroelectricity generation, and fourth for electricity generation overall. ¹ Not only does Russia produce fuel for its own consumption, it facilitates the fuel consumption (and, therefore, CO₂ emissions) of other countries through its hydrocarbon exports.