ABSTRACT
Italy is characterized by peculiar natural resources, geography, socio-cultural and economic factors. The Italian energy mix has for many years consisted of a dominant role for oil (until 2012), a much higher share of gas and hydro as compared to other European countries, and a limited use of coal. Furthermore, Italy heavily relies on foreign energy supplies. Italian reliance on imported fuels (particularly oil and gas, but also coal and electricity) has remained very high: above 80% until recently. By comparison, the EU-28 has a rate of import dependency of about 53%. 1 Italy has one of the highest dependence rates in Europe, which causes concern when energy prices are high or in case of supply disruptions. On the other hand, stagnating and aging populations and low economic growth have in the last few years signaled a somewhat reduced demand for hydrocarbons.
