ABSTRACT
Jaina metaphysics is dualistic. Living beings are regarded as products of the amalgamation of the immortal substances, soul (jīva) and matter (pudgala). This process of inter-penetration produces karman, that is, in the Jaina interpretation, a dynamic aggregate of subtle atomic particles, held together by a homogenous receptacle, the karman body (kārmaṇa-śarīra), which, contingent on its particular structure, generates between two and four further types of bodies: the gross (audārika-), transformation (vaikriya-), translocation (āhāraka-). and fiery bodies (taijasa-śarīra). The individual configurations of these bodies constitute all varieties of living beings existing in the lower-(adho-), middle- (madhya-), and upper-world (ūrdhva-loka) across four birth categories (gati): humans (manuṣya), gods (deva), hell-beings (nāraka), and animals and plants (tiryañc). Theoretically, at the outset of the body constituting processes, subtle matter is attracted and transformed into karman due to the soul’s own meta-physical action (yoga), that is, volition, which is conceived as a vibration of its parts (pradeśa). Empirically, the interpenetration of soul and matter is without beginning and, generally, without end. Because the embodied soul’s intrinsic quality of active consciousness (upayoga) is conditioned by karman, every act (kriyā) produces new karman particles, which function again as the seeds for acts of the same type in a feedback loop.
