Asia

Asia is the home of two-thirds of the world’s indigenous peoples. The total estimated indigenous populations of Asia are said to be around 260 million (IWGIA), mostly found in Siberia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Southwest China. Unlike their counterparts in the premodern era who relatively had more autonomy, the contemporary indigenous peoples of Asia are facing multiple distresses regarding the loss of their ancestral lands, the deprivation of their rights for self-determination, and the external exploitation of their natural resources. Modern nationstates often socially and economically marginalize indigenous populations. For instance, Karen in Burma are rarely given land and citizenry rights (Horstmann 2015, 130). China has fifty-five officially recognized ethnic minority groups. All of them except Hui (Muslims) are indigenous populations; however, the Chinese state does not officially recognize their indigenous status. Like the Chinese state, the Bangladesh government does not recognize its ethnic minorities as indigenous peoples but gives them marginal status as “tribes” and “minor races” (Dhamai and Chakma 2015, 314).