ABSTRACT
The effects of EU citizenship arrangements are gendered. While EU citizenship establishes equal rights, the underlying concept has a flipside that mirrors national citizenship: it promises inclusion to all EU citizens at the expense of excluding outsiders. European citizenship distinguishes between three groups: national citizens, EU citizens, and third country nationals (TCNs). The gendered effects of European citizenship mirror those of national citizenship, privileging mobile male wageworkers at the expense of women who are mothers and caretakers, and mobile over stay-at-home citizens, and denying migrant women access to social rights as third country workers.
